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Note 2.
Man'in, from a classical Chinese term generally referring to uncivilized people from the south. It later appears as Namman, "southern barbarians." Korean documents of that time give no indication that they truly understood the relationship between the "southern barbarians" and "a European country" (i.e., Holland). But somehow they must have had some idea of the Dutch colony in Batavia (now Jakarta), and that these people were "southern barbarians" of a distinct type.
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